Information Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Data Policy - Essay Example Be that as it may, space shutdowns and three strike rule have decreased instances of theft. The issue is on distributed (P2P) sharing locales where protection is a prickly issue. By what means can P2P locales be checked for copyright issues without abusing protection? For sure, top level spaces are basic foundation that encourage access to taxpayer driven organizations. The shutdown of such locales can injure nations and states. In any case, some enormous locales, for example, Google have a ton of clients, more than even the populaces of most nations. Do you accept that the shutdown of a webpage, for example, Google can disable the web? The issue of destinations, for example, privateer bay’s proceeded with presence is because of hesitance in the copyright authorization offices, for example, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The ICE just diverts traffic from the site by changing the area access of a site to an alternate site without the pilfered material (DeNardis, 2015). This transitory shutdown adds to the proceeded with presence of destinations, for example, Pirate Bay. The ICE ought to improve their data innovation aptitudes with the goal that they can follow the physical location of the servers used to do robbery. Moreover, the ICE should take all servers and any materials used to complete theft, and capture and arraign the copyright violators. Albeit shutting down areas and capturing people who download copyright materials won't totally stop theft, it will decreasing its event. In any case, it needs improvement as showed previously. What are the better ways, from your point of view, which can diminish copyrights and trademarks infringement, or do you accept that the war against robbery can never be

Sustainable development Essays

Economical improvement Essays Economical improvement Essay Economical improvement Essay Lodging industry in Pakistan makes an impressive piece of the administration division. All inclusive the lodging business has concentrated on preparing and human asset advancement to contend in the present business condition. The exploration was directed to investigate and discover how corporate crucial vital objectives can be accomplished through corporate trainings in the lodging business of Pakistan. Information from the focused on lodging industry were acquired through study survey and organized meetings of representatives. Discoveries of this examination show that trainings increment the presentation of workers. An inning group Of representatives can be made through an efficient way to deal with preparing and advancement. Finding of this exploration paper help the approach creators in lodging industry to actualize the corporate preparing program as winning technique to convey great assistance. INSTRUMENT: A self-regulated survey was utilized for the assortment of information from the delegate test of clients of lodgings in three urban areas of Pakistan. The poll includes three segments. The main segment keeps the segment profile of respondents. The subsequent segment Measures clients view of the host lodging characteristics all through their remain. These properties were chosen for planning poll after the audit of writing. The third area was about the clients decision whether they might want to remain again in this host lodging or might want to change to another inn. It was required from the respondents to rate the host inn property and the decision of their next remain on a five point Liker scale, going from 1 (firmly dissent) to 5 (emphatically concur). Respondents were solicited to compose the name from have lodging. Subsequent to checking the profile of inns, local and worldwide inns were separated. Consequences of reactions of local and universal visitors were independently dissected and end is drawn by looking at them. Following examination questions were created in study poll so as to accomplish the destinations of the investigation. 1. How the strategic, objectives and hierarchical achievement can be accomplished through Corporate trainings in lodging industry of Pakistan. 2. How might we make the corporate preparing cycle increasingly proficient to improve workers execution. 3. What approaches are received to execute powerful preparing programs in inn industry in Pakistan? Calculated FRAMEWORK: Socio-Economic Variables Intervening Moderating Variables. Discovering/RESULTS: According to Abide Leila (2005), the job of lodging industry in administration part is significant. Desires for clients are continually evolving. All around prepared representatives can upgrade the corporate personality of the business. Administration quality can be upgraded through trainings. Execution of an inn is straightforwardly related with the administration quality. All around educated and weltering workers can more readily comprehend clients request. Shih Us-(2007) likewise finished up 180 that clients fulfillment relies on the nature of administration. As indicated by Amaze-LU-Amaze Furan Hanoi (2013), trainings are critical to make associations gainful. Preparing and improvement programs upgrade the ability of representatives into a vital resource. Powerful administration of a preparation cycle prompts work fulfillment, inspiration and responsibility. Trainings advance employability at working environment. Advantages of preparing and advancement can be boosted by compelling preparing need appraisal process, preparing configuration, preparing assessment and preparing conveyance. A triumphant group of representatives can be made through an efficient way to deal with preparing and advancement. Preparing plans ought to be intended to improve the expert abilities corporate directors and different representatives to advance an expansible, protected and a powerful workplace. Workers need current information and aptitudes to play out their occupations. Mechanical changes and new inventive methods of working together are the fundamental issues. The lodging business ought to create preparing plans to accomplish authoritative objectives, for example, expanded profitability, seriousness and consumer loyalty. Faker LU FAQ al (2011) has presumed that preparation shines aptitudes and abilities of workers. Discoveries of this investigation additionally show that an incredible corporate signal True can be worked through successful representatives preparing and advancement programs. Corporate culture manages the practices of workers. Creation and improvement of a triumphant group is inconceivable without a compelling preparing and advancement plans. Preparing and improvement expands the presentation of representatives. Raja GAG et al. , (2011) have additionally reasoned that preparation and advancement activities have positive effect on authoritative execution. Powerful administration of the considerable number of segments of preparing process has extraordinarily impact on workers and authoritative execution. Preparing is a basic piece of human asset the board in lodging industry. The business must have an entrenched preparing and improvement yester. New improvement instruments empower workers and upgrade their enthusiasm for new activities. New indicative procedures like use of thankful request create inspiration and enthusiasm over the organ activity (Sally Watson, 2013). Discoveries show that preparation and advancement help to actualize vital hierarchical change. Future aptitudes and skills are investigated and abilities of representatives redevelopment to maintain a strategic distance from job equivocalness. Trued HO. Outrage S. , (2013) has likewise presumed that abilities advancement of the board and workers are fundamental during change to introduction the questionable condition. Preparing and improvement projects ought to be lined up with corporate business techniques. Anna Macedon (2013) has reasoned that businesses should themselves 181 give the course to preparing and advancement programs. Great and viable preparing and advancement programs set up boss and representatives relationship. We locate the accompanying outcomes from finding. Need of neighborhood and national economy. The absence of foundation to help reasonable the travel industry advancement. Practical improvement arrangement center. Structure of open organization framework. Absence of mindfulness. The discoveries of this exploration additionally demonstrate that ingraining maintainability in resort and lodging advancements in creating nation like Malaysia may end up being a difficult and troublesome procedure. Without the presentation of solid improvement technique and system, and without comprehension and tending to the different difficulties that have been talked about in this exploration, it might an overwhelming errand to make the travel industry convenience offices progressively responsible towards condition, social advantages and neighborhood monetary turn of events.

Customer Service Answers Fix It! Grammar

   Our Customer Service Team members are always happy to answer your questions about our curriculum. This month’s blog posts are focusing on grammar, so here are answers to some of the questions they frequently encounter about our popular grammar program, Fix It! What is the Fix It! Grammar program? Fix It! consists of six levels of editing exercises. Each level is a complete story broken down into thirty-three weekly lessons with editing exercises that take ten to fifteen minutes per day. Each weekly lesson has four separate passages which may be completed one per day or doubled up to complete two passages per day. It starts with the basics of grammar at the elementary level and takes your students into very advanced concepts as they move through the levels through high school and beyond. Sentence diagramming, strictly speaking, is not taught, but your student will have the skills to diagram a sentence should that be required. A free placement test is available online so you may discern which level might be the best fit for your student’s needs. How do you use the Fix It! placement test? We offer a downloadable placement test on our website that will help you determine where to start with your student(s). Start with the placement test for Book One (The Nose Tree) and have your students correct the sentence using the guidelines given on the test. Correct your student’s work using the corresponding teacher key. If your student missed several mistakes in the sentence, start with Book 1. If you believe they mastered the first test, move onto the second test and repeat until your student comes to concepts that are unfamiliar or difficult. Is there any training available for the Fix It! Grammar program? While there is no specific training or DVD course for the Fix It! Grammar series, the Teacher’s Manual is very helpful and thorough, providing both the answers to each daily practice sentence as well as insights and tips for the various grammar concepts. We do have a webinar on the Fix It! overview page which introduces the program and gives some tips for working through the books. You can also view a demonstration webinar given by author Pamela White. Do the Deluxe Combo packages include the Fix It! Student Books? Why or why not? While you do not get the hardcopy student books in the Deluxe Combos, you do receive them as a PDF download which enables you to print as many copies as needed for members of your immediate family or students in your classroom. You are also able to purchase the Student Books individually for $15.00. Because the Teacher’s Manuals include the Student Book as a free PDF, there was no need to include both the Teacher’s Manuals and Student Books in the combo. What age/grade ranges is the Fix It! Grammar program best suited to? The Fix It! Grammar program is appropriate for students in fourth grade through adults. Most students start with Book 1 to ensure that no foundational concepts are missed as each book is designed to build upon the previous one. You can also use this Placement Test to determine where to begin with your students. We recommend not starting higher than Book 3, even for a high school student. Is everything included, or do I need to purchase the story separately? The Fix It! Grammar course is all-inclusive between the Teacher’s Manual and Student Book, so there is nothing you need to purchase or find separately. By the end of the year, students will have corrected and rewritten the entire story corresponding to whatever book in the series they completed. Is the Fix It! Grammar program a complete grammar course? Do I need to be doing your writing program at the same time? The Fix It! Grammar program is a complete grammar course, with each book providing thirty-three weeks of grammar lessons and practice. Although some of the things taught in our writing course will be reinforced in the grammar lessons, the Fix It! books can be used independently. The Teacher's Manual for Fix It! will provide a weekly lesson covering various grammar concepts as well as the answers to the daily "editing" sentences. There are also helpful explanations and tips for correcting the sentences with your students. Each book within the program (there are six) will build upon the previous, beginning with basic concepts such as nouns, verbs, and punctuation and ending with advanced editing techniques used by professional editors. Our writing courses are also designed to be a stand-alone program, where the structures and models for writing/composition are taught and practiced. Can you recommend a good dictionary for my students to use for looking up definitions during their Fix It! Grammar lessons? Should the definition of the word reflect the part of speech that the word is in the Robin Hood passage? Author Pamela White recommends using dictionary.com. Many IEW parents have also appreciated The American Heritage Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus. You can also try using Webster's for high schoolers, which should be about the right level. Yes, define words according to their use in the sentence, which includes the word form. Dictionaries typically do not give definitions for adverbs, so your student will need to add the -ly. Use the Teacher's Manual to help you check vocabulary definitions. How do I count Fix It! courses for high school credit? Assigning high school credit can be a tricky task! I would recommend you take a look at Lee Binz's information on what constitutes an English credit. You can find it by going here. A longer article that goes into more depth about what it means to teach to a level of ability rather than a perceived grade level can be found by going here. For a high school student, I would recommend starting in the Fix It! book that fits them best and then continuing until they graduate, wherever that may be. You may work through two books in a year by doing two passages a day over the four day period, or you may work through one book a year by just doing the one. Why doesn’t Fix It! teach sentence diagramming? Diagramming instruction is not necessary for the learning and understanding of grammar and the application of grammar skills. We believe that grammar should be taught in context, which is why we teach through editing. Rather than doing sentence diagramming, your students will learn grammar in a more natural way, through editing a few sentences a day from an ongoing classic story. Once your students have completed all six books, they will be more than proficient in grammar. We hope this post has helped you learn more about Fix It! Grammar. If you find you have additional questions that we haven’t addressed, please follow up with us. We are available by email, chat, or phone at 800.856.5815. Our business hours are 9:00AM to 5:00PM Central Time. We look forward to helping you select the best resources for your students!

The Media Can Be Like A Drug - 931 Words

The photo I chose to analyze is a picture showing us that we only see what the media wants us to see. The media can be like a drug. It distracts us from what is really going on in the real world. Our society is captured theoretically by the way of presentation within the media. In this photo, a person can see that the media has this man full attention, which he does not see what is really going on in the world. I think this advertisement does a good job of portraying this message. Our society gets so distracted by the media that we tend to forget what is really going on. The media has a big influence on people, and this advertisement does a very good job of illustrating it. In this photo, a person can see a homeless man on the ground seeking and struggling for help. There is also a dark image of a man that is turning the other man’s face the opposite direction of the homeless guy. The dark image duplicates the media. There is also a tan background that kinds of blends in with the homeless guy. The concrete is also tan. The homeless man has a timber color of backboard that he is leaning on. The homeless man has on baggy clothes and he is looking towards the men. He has a jar that is by some garbage which he hopes someone puts some money in the jar. The background makes the dark image very noticeable. If it was not for the darker cardboard, we would not really be able to see the homeless man, which I think was their intention. The ordinary man looks like an older adult thatShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And The Social Problem957 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore it came to be â€Å"defined† as such. What is a drug abuse in the social problem? Drug abuse is desire to use more drug than enough or than what prescription of the doctor in order to be comfortable and stimulants at the end the user become addicted and hopeless. 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Palestine is the Most Disputed Land in the World - 593 Words

Israel, or Palestine as some call it, is a small country located in the heart of the Middle East (See figure A). While the country is relatively small, approximately 8,019 sq. miles, it is one of the most disputed land areas in the world. The two sides are fighting to the death for the land; and they are two extreme opposites. Both sides are predominantly-basing their theories on religion, which allows for extreme violent acts on behalf of both parties. The Two Parties Israel On one side of the wall is one of the largest growing economy and one of the most powerful nations in the world, Israel. Israel’s President is Shimon Peres; but the real power of the country lies with its Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu. After the 1967 war Israel gained control over the Gaza strip, the West Bank, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. However, Israel gave back the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in a peace agreement and later on gave back sole control of Gaza to the Palestinians while keeping control over the West Bank and Golan Heights. Israel is a vast country with many ideologies on varying issues concerning how to act toward the Palestinians. In this paper I will be explaining the Israeli’s Government and military theory’s and fundamental belief system pertaining to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Israel has a very diverse and structured military. The mission of the military is â€Å"To defend the existence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state of Israel. To protect the inhabitants ofShow MoreRelatedThe Difficulties of the Attempts to Find a Peace Settlement Between the Palestinians and the Jews646 Words   |  3 PagesSettlement Between the Palestinians and the Jews The Palestinians and the Jews have been fighting over the land of Palestine. Both believe that they have greater claim than the other. 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Othello is one of Shakespeares darkest tragedies Essay Example For Students

Othello is one of Shakespeares darkest tragedies Essay Othello is one of Shakespeares darkest tragedies. It explores the issue of race, particularly in terms of the implications of interracial marriage. Like any great work of art, Othello has many timeless qualities, but its treatment of the issue of race allows us to gain a perspective into Elizabethan attitudes. If Othello didnt begin as a play about race, history has made it one. Othello is, in one sense of the word, by far the most romantic figure among Shakespeares heroes; and he is so partly from the strange life of war and adventure, which he has lived from childhood. In addition, he is not a merely romantic figure; his own nature is romantic. He has not, indeed, the meditative or speculative imagination of Hamlet; but in the strictest sense of the word he is more poetic than Hamlet. Elizabethan audiences would not have reacted very kindly to Shakespeare making a black man one of the most romantic figures in his plays. They would not like the fact that Shakespeare has made a foreigner seem more ardent than the men back in their own country. The Venetian society that Othello is set in is representative of the writers context, and reveals some of the prevalent attitudes and values of Elizabethan society. In Shakespeares plays, settings were vital part. In the Cambridge Shakespeare Introduction it says, Italy had become almost the accepted site of the more sensational tragedies of the period. Therefore, the fact that that the beginning of the play is set in Venice, Italy symbolises that the play will be tragic. In the sixteenth century, Venice was a dominant colonial force in the Mediterranean. It was a thriving commercial centre and its empire was protected by powerful merchants with military strengths, including a mercenary force. After act one, the play is set in Cyprus. Cyprus was considered a valuable colony. However, it was also located between Venice and Turkey. Venice was a Christian state. Its Christian faith protected it from Turkish infidels. As the Turks attacked Cyprus, before Othello was written, Shakespeare exploits real political situation It can be said that Othello, might also argue that another theme that arose was order and chaos. This links in with the fact that Othello is a tragedy as in Steven Crofts book, Literature, Criticism and Style, it says that if a play is a tragedy the, chaos or disorder in society results. In Othello order is changed when Desdemona is stolen1.3.61 by Othello. From the opening scene, Othellos race defines his difference from others in Venice, Barbary horse, 1.1.111. This metaphor is particularly important as in 1600, sixteen members f the Barbary embassy, led by Abdel Ouahedben Messaoud visited London. Their cultural differences and dress caused disgrace and they were referred to as barbarians. The Cambridge Shakespeare informs us that Elizabethans distrusted foreigners and thought they were savage and uncivilized. This is ironic as in the first scene of the play the shouting is done by  Iago and Roderigo when they visit Brabantios house. From the heated discussion between Iago and Roderigo, we learn that the daughter of a highly respected Venetian senator, Brabantio, has eloped with Othello, referred as the Moor. He is a foreigner, black in colour and this is emphasized by the insults used by Roderigo and Iago. Only Iago voices an explicitly stereotypical view of Othello, depicting him from the beginning as an animalistic, barbarous, fo olish outsider. In presenting Othello like this, Shakespeare is exploring the inaccuracies of stereotypes in the 1600s. In act one scene three we discover that Othello has a past filled with tragic and exotic tales and has proved himself worthy of the title General in the Venetian army. Even before we, as an audience, have had a chance to meet Othello and Desdemona we learn that the match is considered as disgusting as it is outrageous. In act one scene three Brabantio highlights the social unease with interracial marriage, that it engluts and swallows other sorrows. 1.3.58 He is called an old black ram, 1.1.88 a devil, 1.1.91 and a Barbary horse, 1.1.111. Also, in act one scene one a vast amount of animalistic imagery is used to describe Othello. We learn that Othello is called a devil because in the seventeenth century, the devil was usually depicted as black, and was a demonstration of non-Christians. 'Sonnet 71' by William Shakespeare, 'Remember' by Christina Georgina Rossetti and 'I Am' by John Clare EssayAnother critic from the late 1990s Janet Adelman believes race functions in the play as a projection of Iagos envy toward Othello. At the beginning of the play, Othello is whole and blameless while Iago is an inwardly conflicted and dark character; by the end, Iago has succeeded in transferring his darkness and pain onto Othello. His is reflected through the subtle changes in the language used by Othello. He loses his articulacy and descends to the barbaric creature he was first described. The picture of Othello as hideously black and savage originates in Iagos poisonous mind.  Nevertheless, by the end of act three Othello has become savage and uncivilized. By pouring his poison into Othellos ear, Iago manages to turn Othello into the foul black thing Iago has imagined. The result is that Othello becomes assimilated to, and motivated by his racial type becomes the monstrous Moor easily made jealous. At the end of act three scene three his language descends gradually as he becomes more insecure and he starts repeating words and using very short sentences, O, blood, blood, blood!3.3.449. Berry had argued that the potential for self-doubt had existed in Othellos mind from the beginning; Adelman argues that Othello does not come to think of his blackness as a stain until he is tainted by Iagos poisonous words. Importantly, Othellos final speech articulates his inner turmoil in terms of opposing racial values and beliefs. it shows his process in change, from his articulate and eloquent to barbaric and out of control and back to his bombast self. This final speech allows him to regain his articulacy. His language goes from O, damn her, damn her 3.3.473 to speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate. 5.2.338 Here he regains former nobility and honour. Shakespeare also creates a bit of empathy for Othello by showing Othello in emotional chaos, perplexed in the extreme, 5.2.342. Othello also compares himself to base Indians 5.2.343 as they were thought not to value precious stones. In the same way, Othello believes Desdemona was his precious stone and did not distinguish he true value. Othellos sense of himself being a Christian throughout the play is emphasized when he talks about the base Indian throwing the pearl away. This is a biblical reference as it is a reference to Judas Iscariot, who in betraying Christ, threw away the pearl of great price, i.e. the kingdom of Heaven Matthew 13:46. Othellos feelings towards outsiders is shown when he wants to kill the turbaned Turk5.2.349 and he soon recognises himself as one of them. Also in his final sentence order is restored again as the closed couplet is romantic and a tragic climax. This also agrees with Steven Crofts ideas that in a tragedy, a climax is reached usually with the death of the main character before order is restored. Shakespeares tragic hero, Othello, was a man whose gifts far outnumbered his weaknesses. On the battlefield, he was accomplished; in his profession, he was highly ranked; and, in his life, he was blissfully married. Despite these great advantages, however, Othellos destiny was ruin. Everything he had so carefully made for himself would be destroyed by one fatal flaw: his fear of remaining an outsider. He feared this fate, yet he moaned on continuously, tearing himself between his identity as a foreigner and his desire to live as a normal citizen.

Y2K1 Essay Thesis Example For Students

Y2K1 Essay Thesis T h e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 P r o b l e m Argument for the statement The Year 2000 bug will have such extensive repercussions that families and individuals should begin planning now for the imminent chaos. The Ticking Bomb Introduction A serious problem called the Millennium Bug, and also known as the Year 2000 Problem and Y2K, is bringing a new century celebration into a daunting nightmare. In the 1860s and 1970s, when computer systems were first built, the computer hardware, especially information storage space, was at a premium. With an effort to minimise storage costs, numeric storage spaces were drained to the smallest possible data type. Ignoring the fact that software may be run in multiple centuries, programmers started conserving storage spaces by using two digits to specify a year, rather than four. Consequently, on January 1, 2000, unless the software is corrected, most software programs with date or time may malfunction or may not recognize the entries in the year fields 00 as the year as 1900 instead of 2000 . Year 2000 problem is not restricted only to the above exigency. 20 years ago, everybody understood that a leap year came every 4th year except for every 100th year. However, a piece of algorithm has been forgotten by most people a leap year does exist every 400 years. So, under the first two rules, year 2000 is not a leap year, but with the third rule, it actually is. Computing errors will also occur before Year 2000. Values such as 99 are sometimes used for special purposes not related to the date. The number 99 is used in some systems as an expiration date for data to be archived permanently so some computers may lose the data a year before 2000. Programmers and software developers were surprised to see some of their programs survive for only a few years but failed to anticipate the problems coming by the year 2000. It is sorrowful to find most programs are still in use or have been incorporated into successor systems. Because of the need for new applications to share data in a common format with existing systems, inheriting the six-digit date field that has become a standard over time. The disaster scenario envisaged is that a great number of computer systems around the world will make processing errors and will either crash or produce incorrect outputs . As a result financial institutions, businesses organisations, informational technology and even aeroplane radar communications will all then be in a welter of confusion. In military services, the system meltdown may also worsen the appropriate control of nuclear missiles in silos. It is a ticking time bomb destined to wreak havoc on millions of computer systems in every economy, both commercial and residential, and thus need everyones serious attention. However, the bug is likely to affect more staggeringly the business computers which imply an alarming economic problem. Many organisations have not yet started projects to examine the impact of the millennium bug on their systems. By applying The Standish Groups CHAOS research to Year 2000 projects, 73% of Y2K projects will fail according to the pace now taking. The biggest challenge for these companies is convincing top level management of the severity of the year 2000 problem and the amount of time, money and resources needed to fix it. On that account, to ensure this disaster is minimised, none of us should worm out of devoting resources in preventing the potential anarchy. It is a costly Task As simple as the problem sounds, the fix for the Millennium Bug will cost up to US$600 billion world-wide, according to estimates by the Gartner Group, a leading information technology consultancy. The software fixes are very time-consuming, requiring considerable effort to examine millions of lines of source code in order to locate problem date fields and correct them. The costs to apply the fixes will vary from company to company, but research has given the figure of approximately between US$0.50 to $2 per line of source code for modification, with these costs expected to escalate as much as 50 per cent for every year that projects are delayed. Unfortunately, this average excludes date conversions on military weapons systems software, which is expected to be significantly more expensive to convert, and the real figure should even be much larger. One of the first steps an organisation needs to take on the way to ensuring Year 2000 compliance is to determine what they have to be changed. The business will need to prepare an inventory of hardware and software utilised to allow assessment of problem areas. It is hard to address the potential for problems when no clear picture of the problem space is available. Documentation showing the processing steps being performed by the companys computer system in order to accomplish business functions needs to be available to ensure that all procedures are present and accounted for. There is no Silver Bullet The problem looks straightforward, all w e need is just to check each line of code, locate the two-digit date fields, expand them to four digit and test the correction. Unfortunately, these modifications are mostly manual labour not an automatic process. Software Dilemma Six-digit date fields are generally scattered throughout practically every level of computing, from operating systems to software applications and databases. Some dates have numeric representation, while other have alphanumeric representations. This adds to the complexity of the problem from a management and technical point of view. The bug contaminates a large area that nearly all of the program codes must be examined to ensure that correction is free from side-effects. A case in point, a typical medium size organisation, a state comptrollers office in United States, is predicted to spend US$5.6 million to $6.2 million to make the software conversion, that is, nearly a billion lines of code must be repaired. Furthermore, there are computing languages stil l in use today that only a handful of people are even aware of, let alone proficient enough to be called experts. Skills for some older, more obscure languages and systems will, more than likely, make the Y2K a more serious problem. Some uses of two digit dates may not be obvious. For example, the UK Driving Licence number encodes the holders date of birth using a two digit year code. Dates used in this nature will create Year 2000 problems without the obvious use of dates in the program. Some systems use dates fields for non-standard uses, such as special indicators and how your systems have abused the date field is something you can only find out by looking at every line of code, which is a huge costs in time and resources. With the variety of programming languages and platforms in use throughout that past three decades, and the multitude of uses for date fields, and the extensiveness of infected programming area, no single silver bullet could exist to correct the problem. Moreove r, the problem cannot be solved individually. Y2K is a universal problem which will bring a chain effect among industries and firms. No business is immune, every firm is affected either directly in its own operation, or indirectly, by the action or inaction of others. A Year 2000 compliant computer system may fail to process, produce error messages or generate incorrect data even if it receives contaminated programs or data from a third party that is not Year 2000 compliant. With all these issues involved, and with remaining time ever decreasing, management awareness must focus on these problems. The Hardware Dilemma If the computer hardware cannot handle dates past 31/12/99 then no software solution can fix it. Some applications request the system date directly from the hardware and cannot be trapped by the operating system, which obviates a software resolution. For instance, the PC hardware problem can be explained as follows. The standard PC computer system maintains two system d ates: one is in the CMOS Real Time Clock chip, a hardware component normally located on the machines motherboard that stores time, date and system information such as drive types; and the other one is in the operating system software, these two dates are represented differently, influencing one another. When the computer boots, it normally initialises its current date by reading the date in the CMOS Real Time Clock and converting it to days since January 1, 1980. The PC maintains its date as long as the system is running; the CMOS Real Time Clock hardware maintains its date whether the system is running or not, but it does not maintain the century. So, the standard flaw lurks in the CMOS Real Time Clock date when Year 2000 is reached as it reads an out-of-range date. Moreover, a few specific Basic Input/Output Systems cause behaviour other than the standard flaw. Importantly, the Award v4.50 series BIOS will not allow any date after 1999 and can not be corrected by any software. Dat es are integrated in computer hardware, from mainframe, mid-range machines, all the way down to network infrastructure. Date fields are used in some of the most basic computer functions such as calculating and sorting and will affect a large majority of systems. If year fields are expanded to 4 digits, this will automatically give rise to the need for additional storage space. In due course, the original reasons for the introduction of 6 digit dates will resurface. Any computer application that accepts or displays dates on the screen or produces a report with date fields will need to be redesigned. On-line transaction databases will need to be converted and the new expanded database will need to be kept in sync with the old active database during the conversion process. In some cases there will be insufficient space available to accept or display additional data, forcing a major revision. If paper forms are used for input, these will also need to be redesigned. Screen, report and fo rm redesign appear to be a minor issue in the context of the Millennium Bug, but the design of screen and reports are important from a usability perspective, and the redesign process cannot be automated. Any changes to the way dates are handled in an organisation will need to be coupled with staff training to ensure that all staff are aware of any new standards. Other Dilemma Implied However, to ensure that the corrected work runs free of errors after January 1, 2000 midnight, testing of the changed code must be performed. There is no way around this. As testing is around 50% of all programming tasks, the actual programming tasks are just one small cog in the wheel used to resolve the Millennium Bug. With the rigidly fixed deadline, and the ever decreasing amount of time, this will require a large investment in resources, to ensure a smooth run from the development to production phases. Less seriously discussed in the Year 2000 issue by the public, as the Year 2000 deadline approach es and the time remaining for corrective work shrinks, companies may choose, or be forced into, outsourcing the resolution of their Millennium Bug to a Year 2000 service provider. The service provider would have to load a copy of the software onto its computer system to perform the bug fixes, and this raises the issue of software licensing. Many licences contain restrictions barring licensees from providing a copy of the software to any third party without the consent of the licenser, and this could present problems in the event of a dispute between vendor and client. Conclusion The year 2000 challenge is inescapable and omnipresent, affecting every businesses and individuals, regardless of age or platform. As discussed, there are many aspects of the Millennium Bug problem that are not immediately obvious, ranging from legal issues such as copyright and licensing, to issues of available resources and existing bugs. Carrying out a solution in any business involves careful planning in order to be successful. The four steps awareness, planning, implementation, and testing are crucial for a company to run successfully beyond the year 2000. Unlike most other IT projects there is a definite, fixed and immovable deadline for implementation. If there is not enough time to complete the programming and testing, or if unexpected delays occur, the deadline remains fixed and cannot be moved. Only if companies start corrective action soon enough and devote sufficient resources to the effort can minimise the effect of this universal nightmare. Table A Example of the Year 2000 Problem With Current Date Format (mm/dd/yy) Current Date Birth Date Calculated Age 06/19/99 06/19/59 40 06/19/00 06/19/59 59, 59, or Error Corrected to 8-Digit Date Format (mm/dd/yy) Current Date Birth Date Calculated Age 06/19/2000 16/19/1959 41 N.B. this requires that two dates be changed (both current date and birth date) Figure B Some Sources of Year 2000 Problem Computer Central Processing Unit8 H ardware Clock8 BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System)8 Network server Other Hardware8 Modem8 Added Printed Circuit Card8 Telephone Answering Machine8 Video Equipment Software8 Operating System8 Packaged Software8 In-house Code, Databases, Spreadsheets, etc. Embedded Chips8 Process Control Systems8 Fax Machines8 Video Cassette Recorder8 Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning Control8 Internal Combustion Engine8 Automatic Camera8 Security System8 Fire Detection System8 Medical Equipment8 Time-keeping and Attendance Systems8 Bar-code Reader System Bibliography and References Journal References 0 Jerome T. Murray Marilyn J. Murray. The Year 2000 Computing Crisis. US: Mc-Graw Hill Companies (1996). 0 Lowenstein R. The Year 2000 and the CEOs Big Secret. The Wall Street Journal (July 1996). Online References 0 Apple Computer, Inc. The Mac OS and the Year 2000: Approaching the New Millennium (1997). http://product.info.apple.com/pr/letters/1997/961210.pr.ltrs.macos2000.html 0 Dave Brandt. We lcome to the DOI Year 2000 Page (1997). http://www.doi.gov/oirm/oirm/y2mgt1.html 0 Don Sand. Year2000 The Clock Continues to Tick (1997). http://csn.uneb.edu/year2000/Year2000ClockContinuesTick.htm 0 Gary North. The Year 2000 Crisis (1998). http://mypage.direct.ca/r/rhomer/year.html 0 J.Bace. Offshore Resources for Year 2000 Project (1996). http://gartner3.gartnerweb.com/public/static/hotc/hc00060661.html 0 Mark Mayes. What is the Year 2000 Problem and How Does It Affect VB? (1998) http://www.class-solutions.com/whatis.htm 0 National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Tick-tock, tick tock(1997). http://www.naic.org/geninfo/news/gateway/gwmay97.htm 0 Patrick Janidlo. The Survival Guide for the Year 2000 (1997). http://www.themesh.com/feat28.html 0 Standish Group International, Inc. Year2000 A date Odyssey (1997). http://www.standishgroup.com/ad.html 0 The Tenagra Corporation. Y2K Press Clippings (1998). http://www.year2000.com/y2karticles.html 0 2K-Times. Year 2000 and the Com puter (1997). http://www.2k-times.com/y2knews.htm 0 Michael Gerner. Year 2000 Making Applications Date Intelligent (1997). http://www.2k-times.com/y2k-p005.htmBibliography: .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .postImageUrl , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:visited , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:active { border:0!important; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:active , .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2 .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u896ab016152e59e80414f04622729ab2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers Essay We will write a custom essay on Y2K1 Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now